a stiff, flat, thin material made from an untanned, prepared skin of an animal and used as a durable writing surface in ancient and medieval times. Today it is used in bookbinding, conservation and decorative arts cladding in furniture and interior design applications.

A leather or untanned hide of a fish, originally made from horse skin, today mostly made from the skin of a ray with one side covered with round calcified papillae called placoid scales.